Assuntos
Chlamydophila psittaci/isolamento & purificação , Patos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Aviária/diagnóstico , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Psitacose/diagnóstico , Animais , Patos/virologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Psitacose/epidemiologia , Psitacose/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Legionella longbeachae was cultured from the sputum of a patient suffering from Legionnaires' disease. Source identification efforts included analysis of samples of potting soil from the patient's garden, and a genotypically indistinguishable strain of L. longbeachae was cultured from this material. Following examination of a national collection of Legionella isolates, two more patients with indistinguishable genotypes were identified. One of these patients had visited a garden centre in the same municipality in which the index patient had acquired his potting soil. The study demonstrated the value of systematic collection of identification data and patient isolates over a prolonged period.
Assuntos
Jardinagem , Legionella pneumophila/classificação , Doença dos Legionários/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Idoso , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Legionella pneumophila/genética , Masculino , Países Baixos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Fatores de Risco , Escarro/microbiologiaRESUMO
Populations of Proclossiana eunomia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) occur in middle Europe in patchy habitats of hay meadows along valleys or peat bogs. Samples of P. eunomia populations from the Ardennes region (northern France and southern Belgium) were analysed by allozyme electrophoresis. Patches isolated by more than 2 km of mature forests proved genetically distinct from their neighbouring populations. Mantel tests and regression analysis showed that the degree of genetic differentiation between the 26 studied populations is related to the geographical distances between them. Autocorrelation analysis (Moran's I ) showed that allele frequencies are positively correlated for populations up to 13 km apart and that the genetic neighbourhood of individuals is in the range of 0.9 km, which is in accordance with movement studies in this species conducted in the same area. Analysis using Wright's F-statistics revealed that the highest differentiation occurs between populations of the same subregion, whereas the whole Ardennes region is not genetically partitioned into subregions. This is probably because the connectivity of the network of suitable habitats has significantly weakened only since the 1950s, and thus subregional differentiation has not yet occurred.
Assuntos
Genética Populacional , Lepidópteros/genética , AnimaisRESUMO
The genetic diversity and the temporal and spatial genetic population structure of the butterfly Aglais urticae, a highly mobile species, were studied by allozyme electrophoresis. High levels of allozyme diversity were found. Most of the total genetic diversity occurred at the within-population scale rather than at the between-population scale. This variation could not be accounted for by Wright's model of 'isolation by distance'. No significant temporal variation was observed for those populations that were sampled in different years. A process combining high movement rate between neighbouring patches, long-distance migration and rare extinction/recolonization is suggested to explain the observed genetic structure. This hypothesis is favoured over an island model of population structure because migration in A. urticae is uniform neither with distance nor with time.
RESUMO
The field of orthopaedic surgery has changed rapidly in the last ten years, increasing the demand for a readily available supply of allograft. Historically, bone was first grafted in 1668. The first clinical allograft was performed in 1820 by Phillips von Walter who reconstructed part of a skull. Clinical use of allograft has developed steadily during this century, making it now an essential requirement in orthopaedic surgery. Nationally, there is a shortage of available allograft for orthopaedic procedures. Allograft bone can be used in spinal fusion, filling of bone cysts, non-union of fractures and, most commonly, in revision joint replacements. In the last twenty years joint replacement surgery has become common practice and the number of patients requiring revision joint surgery has also increased. This expansion will continue owing to the growing demands made on our health service by our increasingly elderly population. We can expect an increase in demand for allograft.